Montana State University students with earth sciences professor Madison Myers, second from right, and Native American Studies professor Anita Moore-Nall, right, study images related to Alaskan volcanic activity in the MSU iCal lab Wednesday, Oct. 30, 2024, in Bozeman, Montana. MSU photo by Colter Peterson

BOZEMAN – Two Montana State University scientists have embarked on a study of an Alaskan volcano in hopes of better understanding the processes and timelines that led to its past eruptions.

Madison Myers, associate professor in the Department of Earth Sciences, and Anita Moore-Nall, assistant professor in the Department of Native American Studies, recently were awarded a $375,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to study Okmok volcano on Umnak Island in the Aleutian Islands.

Okmok erupts fairly frequently but with as little as four to five hours of warning. Because its eruptions aren’t typically preceded by strong warning signals, such as earthquakes, a goal of the MSU study is to improve scientists’ ability to forecast imminent volcanic events to reduce risks to humans and property. During the volcano’s most recent eruption in 2008, the few people who lived nearby were forced to evacuate.

To learn more about what happened underground before Okmok erupted in 2008, 1991, 1878 and a caldera-forming event nearly 2,100 years ago, Myers will oversee the analysis of rocks produced by the volcano during those eruptions. In the first step, students in her advanced igneous petrology course this fall are analyzing olivine crystals from the 2008 eruption.

Those data, as well as analyses of rocks from the three other eruptions, are expected to reveal the depths at which Okmok’s magma assembled, the processes that triggered unrest and ultimately how quickly magmas ascended each time. The researchers will look for correlations between those factors and the eruptive styles, volumes and volcanic explosivity index of each eruption, then try to determine whether any signs were missed that could be monitored to signal imminent, future eruptions.

Also under the grant, Moore-Nall, who holds a doctorate in earth sciences from MSU, is developing an advanced seminar course she will teach next fall on Indigenous ways of knowing in volcanic landscapes. Her partner on the project is Cheryl Cameron of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, a collaborator on the grant.

“Indigenous knowledge gives science credibility in many areas,” said Moore-Nall, pointing out that traditional stories about geologic events have been handed down for millennia among tribes all over the world. “There are floods in stories and mentions of glacial lakes, but Western science didn’t give these merit.”

But that is beginning to change, as geologists continue to realize that stories told by Indigenous peoples all over the world are often rooted in actual events. In the 1980s, for example, American scientists attempting to determine the maximum earthquake magnitude that could occur off the Pacific Northwest coast began by focusing on local soils and rocks because the written record extended back only 200 years. As they unearthed physical evidence of a subduction earthquake and tsunami that had happened nearly 300 years prior, they and others began learning about stories told by Indigenous tribes in the region that were consistent with what was being found in the rock and soil record.

The narratives told by Native people living along the coast from Vancouver Island to northern California described shaking ground and flooding on a winter night that was almost certainly Jan. 26, 1700. That’s when a giant earthquake that would have registered around magnitude 9.0 – among the largest ever recorded – occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone, where the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate has been slipping slowly beneath the North American plate for millennia. The quake caused 620 miles of the Pacific Northwest coastline between northern California and southern Vancouver Island to drop several feet and generated a tsunami that caused inland flooding. Another wave raced 5,000 miles across the Pacific and struck Japan, where it caught residents unaware because they felt no earthquake before the tsunami inundated their villages. The events in Japan were recorded in writing, but centuries would pass before the scientists working in the Pacific Northwest would piece together the oral narratives and physical evidence to solve the mystery.

The MSU researchers don’t yet know whether specific traditional stories exist about Okmok’s eruptions, though it is known that a village on Umnak Island was abandoned after the volcano erupted in 1817.

“This is a great example of why working communities that hold these stories would be important for understanding volcanic processes,” Myers said. “Native Alaskans live in these areas and have ancestral stories that can inform on several aspects of the eruption.”

But Moore-Nall predicts it will take a while for researchers outside Indigenous communities to demonstrate that they are willing to listen, understand and give stories credibility.

“From traditional stories in Alaska, there is a lot of opportunity to get geologic information, but you have to have time to develop these relationships,” she said. “We need to be talking with the community and co-produce results.”

To forge such relationships, twice-yearly exchanges between scientists at Alaska Volcano Observatory and MSU are planned while the work is ongoing. Moore-Nall, whose scientific interests run an interdisciplinary gamut, said she hopes the work will lead to greater incorporation of Indigenous knowledge in scientific practice.

Myers said gathering information about Okmok’s geology from the western science perspective will establish a baseline of knowledge that, in addition to assessing whether geophysical signs were missed leading up to prior eruptions, may provide context for traditional stories the team discovers.

“Native people knew a 9.0 earthquake was possible in Cascadia well before western scientists – it’s recorded in all the stories,” Myers said. “We’re hoping that this project will allow space for more people to get exposed to this understanding.”

This event is a friendly, off-field competition between MSU and UM to see which school can collect the most donations for their local food banks.

Bozeman, MT - With just a few days left, Bobcat fans are rallying to finish strong in this year’s Can the Griz Food Drive! This friendly, off-field competition between Montana State University (MSU) and the University of Montana (UM) challenges each school to collect the most donations for their local food banks.

This year marks the 25th anniversary of Can the Griz. MSU has claimed victory 19 times in the past 24 years, and with your help, we can make it 20! The event officially ends on Saturday, November 23rd. The winner will be announced during the Cat-Griz football game on Saturday in Bozeman.

Proceeds from Can the Griz directly benefit our food and nutrition programs, including the Gallatin Valley Food Bank, Big Sky Community Food Bank, and Headwaters Area Food Bank, as well as Montana State University’s Bounty of the Bridgers campus food pantry. These donations provide critical support ahead of the holiday season.

“We’re in the home stretch, and every donation counts,” said Jill Holder, HRDC’s Food and Nutrition Director. “Our food banks distribute an average of 7,258 pounds of food every day. The Can the Griz drive plays a vital role in helping us meet the growing needs of our community.”

How to Donate:
● Nonperishable food donations: Drop items at collection boxes across Bozeman to support Gallatin County families. A list of participating locations can be found here.
● Monetary donations: Donate directly to HRDC. Every dollar donated to our food and nutrition programs equals one pound of food.
For more information, to host a collection box, or to get involved, contact MSU’s Office of Student Engagement at 406-994-2933 or email canthegriz@montana.edu. Visit gallatinvalleyfoodbank.org for more details.

The Christmas Stroll has been one of the longest-standing Bozeman community traditions and with that, the Annual Poster Design Contest! The Downtown Bozeman Association put out a “Call for Art” for the official Christmas Stroll Poster in early fall, and this year bought a whole array of festive and wonderfully creative designs!

The winning poster stood out with its nod to the importance of community and inclusivity, especially during the holidays! Meet the 44th Annual Christmas Stroll Poster Contest Winner – Jessie Reitan!

“My name is Jessie Reitan and I am a graphic designer, artist, and MSU grad student. When I am not at home working on a million different art projects, I am skiing at Bridger, fishing, or spending time out and about with friends.

One of my favorite parts of living in Bozeman is the amazing sense of community, which I wanted to capture in my poster design. The Christmas Stroll is such a great opportunity for everyone to come together and enjoy the holiday spirit, and I am so excited to be a part of it!”

The 44th Annual Christmas Stroll Poster design by Reitan will adorn all businesses windows in downtown Bozeman and will be featured on all event marketing materials. In addition to the notoriety of having their artwork featured, a $200 cash prize will be issued to the winning artist, Jessie Reitan!

Find more of Reitan’s work on their Instagram and website: jessiereitan.com.

STD testing is a crucial step in protecting your health and preventing the spread of infections to others. There are two main types of testing available: at-home and clinic-based. Each option offers unique benefits and suits different needs depending on your preferences and circumstances.

At-home testing allows individuals to order a test kit online, complete the testing process in the privacy of their home, and receive results digitally. Clinic-based testing involves visiting a healthcare facility where professionals conduct the test, provide immediate guidance, and offer resources or treatment options if needed.

 Understanding these two approaches can help you make an informed choice about a testing option from a service like Priority STD that best aligns with your comfort level, health needs, and lifestyle.

Benefits of At-Home STD Testing
At-home STD testing provides several advantages that make it a popular choice for those looking for convenience and privacy. Here are some key benefits:

• Privacy and Discretion: At-home tests allow you to check your health status without the need to visit a clinic. This can be especially appealing if privacy is a priority or if you feel uncomfortable discussing sexual health in a clinical setting.

• Convenience and Accessibility: With at-home testing, there’s no need to schedule an appointment or take time off work to visit a healthcare facility. Test kits can be ordered online, delivered directly to your home, and completed on your schedule, making it easy to fit testing into a busy lifestyle.

• Digital Access to Results: Most at-home tests provide results digitally, often within a few days. Many services also offer follow-up support if you receive a positive result, connecting you with healthcare providers or counselors for further guidance.

Drawbacks of At-Home STD Testing
While at-home STD testing offers privacy and convenience, it also comes with a few limitations that may impact the accuracy and effectiveness of the results. One potential drawback is the risk of user error during sample collection.

At-home tests require users to follow specific instructions for collecting blood, urine, or swab samples, which can sometimes be challenging without professional assistance. Incorrect collection or handling of samples can lead to inaccurate results or even require retesting, which may delay the diagnosis and treatment process.

Another consideration is the limited support and guidance available throughout the testing process. Unlike in a clinical setting, where a healthcare professional can answer questions and provide reassurance, at-home tests may leave users without immediate access to advice.

Benefits of Clinic STD Testing
Clinic-based STD testing offers several advantages, particularly for those who want professional support and a more comprehensive testing experience. Here are some of the main benefits:

• Professional Guidance and Support: At a clinic, healthcare professionals can provide guidance throughout the testing process, answer questions, and offer immediate reassurance, especially if you are concerned about specific symptoms or potential exposure.

• Increased Accuracy and Reliability: Samples collected in a clinical setting are handled by trained professionals, reducing the risk of contamination or user error. This can lead to more reliable and accurate results compared to at-home testing.

• Comprehensive Testing Options: Clinics often offer a wider range of tests than at-home kits, including tests for less common STDs. This makes clinic testing a better choice if you require a full spectrum screening or have been exposed to high-risk situations.

• Immediate Access to Treatment: If your results are positive, clinics can provide or prescribe treatments right away, often without the delay that can come with waiting for follow-up arrangements. This is beneficial for addressing infections promptly and limiting their spread.

• Emotional Support and Counseling: Many clinics have counselors or support staff on-site to help manage the emotional aspects of testing, particularly for those dealing with anxiety about their results. This immediate support can help ease worries and provide information on next steps.

Drawbacks of Clinic STD Testing
While clinic-based STD testing offers professional support and comprehensive options, it also has some disadvantages that may not align with everyone’s needs or preferences.

One of the primary drawbacks is the lack of privacy associated with visiting a clinic. For some, the thought of discussing sexual health in person or the potential of being seen at an STD clinic can create discomfort or stigma.

Another challenge is the time and effort involved in visiting a clinic. Clinic testing often requires making an appointment, traveling to the location, and possibly waiting to be seen, which can be inconvenient, especially for those with busy schedules.

Depending on the clinic, you may encounter longer wait times, particularly if they serve a high volume of patients. For individuals who prefer a quick and easy process, this time commitment can be a drawback.

Cost can be a barrier for some people, particularly those without insurance or with limited coverage for STD testing, while some public health clinics offer free or low-cost testing, this isn’t universal. The expenses associated with testing, consultations, and any necessary treatment may add up, making clinic testing less accessible for some individuals.

Factors to Consider When Choosing
When deciding between home and clinic STD testing, consider the following:

• Privacy Needs: At-home testing offers more discretion, while clinic visits require face-to-face interactions, which may feel less private.

• Convenience: At-home tests can be completed at your convenience, while clinic testing may require appointments, travel, and wait times.

• Support and Guidance: Clinics provide immediate access to healthcare professionals, while at-home tests lack in-person support.

• Test Comprehensiveness: Clinics offer a wider range of tests, especially if you need specialized screening. At-home tests may only cover common STDs.

• Cost: At-home tests are generally more affordable, though some clinics offer low-cost or free options depending on your insurance and location.

Each option serves different needs, so considering your comfort level, health status, and any recent exposures can help you make an informed choice. Both at-home and clinic STD testing offer valuable benefits, and the choice ultimately depends on your personal preferences and health needs.

Regardless of which option you choose, regular STD testing is essential for maintaining your sexual health. By evaluating your comfort, convenience, and health needs, you can select the best testing method for you.

The Ellen Theatre welcomes New York stage veteran Michael DeVries in the role of Daddy Warbucks for the upcoming holiday musical “Annie.” Mr. DeVries has enjoyed a stellar career including playing Mr. Snow in “Carousel” at both The Kennedy Center and The Hollywood Bowl along with an impressive list of Broadway shows such as “Annie Get Your Gun” with Patti LuPone, Cornelius in “Hello Dolly,” Gus/Growltiger in “Cats,” Captain Lenox in “The Secret Garden,” and an astounding ten-year run in the musical hit “Wicked.” National Tours include Andre in “Phantom of the Opera,” Harry in “Mama Mia,” and Dr. Dillamond in “Wicked.” Added to this impressive list are many regional productions and performing twice at Carnegie Hall.

The Ellen Theatre production of “Annie,” featuring a 16-piece live orchestra, opens December 11 and runs for ten performances, with a closing date of December 22. Reserved seats may be purchased at TheEllenTheatre.org or by calling the box office - 406-585-5885. Please be aware that there are many third-party websites selling tickets at inflated prices. Tickets for “Annie” purchased on The Ellen website range in price from $38.00 to $64.00. Wine, beer and concessions, available in the lobby one hour before showtime, may be brought into the theatre.

The Broadway Musical Annie at The Ellen Theatre Starring Broadway Guest Artist Michael Devries as Daddy Warbucks December 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21 at 7:30 PM; December 15 and 22 at 3:00 PM  

HELENA – To celebrate our hunting heritage in Montana, Gov. Greg Gianforte launched the third annual Youth Hunting Story Contest in August for Montana youth and apprentice hunters ages 10 to 17. The deadline to enter the contest is Monday, Dec. 2, 2024. 

To enter the contest, hunters must submit a story of no more than 500 words and a photo from their 2024 hunt. Hunters must be Montana residents and licensed hunters or apprentice hunters between the ages of 10 and 17. Eligible entries include harvesting any legal game, furbearer animals or birds in Montana.

The governor will select 10 hunters, five aged 10 to 13 and five aged 14 to 17, and announce the winners in late December. The winners will be invited to the Capitol to celebrate with the governor and receive their prizes in January of the new year.

The 2024 contest's prize partners include Sitka, Stone Glacier, Kenetrek Boots, J2 Taxidermy, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Murdochs and the Montana Outfitters and Guides Association.

Learn more and enter at youthhunting.mt.gov. 

Did you know that a hot tub can be a source of Legionnaires' disease? This disease is caused by bacteria that are mostly found in soil and warm water. And while it doesn't affect everyone who comes in contact with it, the bacteria can cause severe respiratory problems in those who get infected.

Keep reading to learn what Legionnaires' disease is, who's most at risk, and what you can do if you or someone you know contracts it.

What is Legionnaires' Disease?

Legionnaires' disease is a type of lung infection you get by breathing in Legionella bacteria, which are typically found in water or soil. Although the disease mostly affects the lungs, it can also cause infections in wounds and other parts of the body, including the heart. 

Legionnaires' disease is life-threatening if not treated promptly, so it's important to know how to recognize the symptoms so you can get medical help quickly.

Who is More Likely to Get Legionnaires' Disease?

Anyone can get Legionnaires' disease if they inhale contaminated water droplets. But some people are at a higher risk than others. Those who are more likely to contract the disease include the following:

Older adults: If you're over 50 years old, then you are at greater risk of getting the disease.

People with weakened immune systems: If you have a chronic illness, like diabetes or cancer, or are taking immunosuppressive medications, you're more likely to get the disease.

Smokers: Smoking damages the lungs, making it easier for someone to get Legionnaires' disease.

People with chronic lung disease: If you have a condition like COPD, then you're more likely to get the disease.

If you or someone you know is at a higher risk of contracting Legionnaires' disease, then you should avoid potential sources of Legionella bacteria, such as untreated hot tubs. You should also watch out for the symptoms if you suspect that you've been exposed to Legionella bacteria.

Symptoms of Legionnaires' Disease

The symptoms of Legionnaires' disease are similar to those of other respiratory illnesses, making it hard to diagnose at first. If you've been exposed to a possible source of the bacteria and start noticing symptoms, you should seek medical attention immediately. 

The following are some of the symptoms you should look out for:

• High fever and chills
• Muscle aches
• Headaches
• Shortness of breath
• Cough (often producing mucus)
• Chest pain
• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea

You can start experiencing these symptoms between 2 to 10 days after exposure. But in some cases, they can appear as early as 24 hours or as late as two weeks.

Causes of Legionnaires' Disease

The Legionella bacteria that cause Legionnaires' disease are mostly found in warm water environments. You might find the bacteria lurking in:

Hot tubs
Hot tubs are one of the most common sources of Legionnaires' disease. If you don't maintain your hot tubs well, they can become breeding grounds for Legionella.

Cooling towers
If cooling towers aren't properly maintained, Legionella bacteria can grow in the warm water and then be dispersed into the air. Since cooling towers are part of a system that circulates air, they can spread the bacteria over a large area, putting anyone nearby at risk.

Water tanks and plumbing systems
Legionella bacteria can thrive in water tanks and plumbing systems, especially when the temperature is between 68°F and 122°F (20°C to 50°C).

Fountains and decorative water features
Fountains and other decorative water features can harbor Legionella bacteria especially if they're not cleaned and maintained regularly. If the water is recirculated and left stagnant for too long, it becomes a perfect breeding ground for the bacteria, especially in warmer conditions.

Management and Treatment of Legionnaires' Disease

If you suspect that you've contracted Legionnaires' disease, you should immediately consult a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment. Your doctor will diagnose the disease with a urine test or by testing a sample of mucus from the lungs. Once diagnosed, you will be treated using the following:

Antibiotics: Because Legionnaires' is a bacterial infection, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics like azithromycin or ciprofloxacin. They might hospitalize you if the infection is severe.

Oxygen therapy: You may need oxygen therapy if the infection affects your ability to breathe.

Fluids: Your doctor might put you on hydration, especially if you've had symptoms like vomiting or diarrhea.

Keep Yourself Safe From Legionnaires' Disease

While Legionnaires' disease isn't as common as other respiratory illnesses, you should know where it comes from and how it spreads so you can keep yourself safe. If you think you've been exposed to Legionella bacteria and start feeling unwell, don't hesitate to reach out to your doctor for early diagnosis and treatment.