Friday, Apr. 18th, 2025

Gallatin County Attorney’s Office Secures Conviction in Rape Case

BOZEMAN – In a firm stand against sexual violence, the Gallatin County Attorney’s Office has successfully secured a conviction in the case of Christopher Vottie Armstrong, holding him accountable for his crimes. This outcome underscores our unwavering commitment to protecting victims and prosecuting those who commit acts of sexual crime.

Armstrong, 31 years old, pleaded guilty to Sexual Intercourse without Consent for engaging in sexual intercourse with a 14-year-old child. He has been sentenced to 10 years to the Montana State Prison, with all but 4 years suspended. He’s to have no contact with the victim, have no unsupervised contact with minors, complete sex offender treatment, and register as a sexual offender. This resolution provides justice for the survivor while reinforcing our dedication to making Gallatin County a safer place for our children.

Gallatin County Attorney Audrey Cromwell stated, “Sexual violence will not be tolerated in our community. We stand with survivors, and we will continue to aggressively prosecute offenders while working with our partners to provide support and resources for those affected.”

The Gallatin County Attorney’s Office extends its deepest appreciation to the following agencies and individuals for their dedication and commitment in bringing this case to justice:

Bozeman Police Department Officers Coby Ybarra, Anthony Taylor, Andrew Kappler, and Troy Fraley; Victim Advocate Stacy Wesen, and Chief Deputy County Attorney Shannon Foley.

Their relentless efforts were instrumental in achieving this outcome and ensuring justice for the survivor.

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Thursday, Apr. 17th, 2025

The First National Home Visiting Week is taking place April 21–25


Thrive is proud to join organizations across the country in celebrating the first-ever National Home Visiting Week, taking place April 21–25. This new observance shines a spotlight on the critical role home visitors play in supporting maternal and child health, family wellbeing, and community resilience.

Thrive’s Partnership Home Visiting Program has been a cornerstone of our mission for 30 of our 39 years serving families. Through this program, young parents—many of them under the age of 21—receive weekly home visits for up to two years. Our dedicated staff work side by side with families to track child development, set goals, and provide tailored support to ensure each child and parent can thrive.

Thrive aims for at least 90% of children in the program to meet or exceed developmental milestones. But this program isn’t just about the kids—it's about empowering the entire family. That means making sure parents have access to education, job training, healthcare, and child care—everything they need to build a solid foundation.

Home visiting programs like Thrive’s are offered in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. In 2023 alone, over 280,000 families across the U.S. engaged in these life-changing services.

Starting a family is one of the most important chapters in a person’s life. This program gives parents the tools to understand that they are not only their child’s first teacher—they’re also shaping their family’s future.

Throughout National Home Visiting Week, organizations are highlighting the work of home visitors on social media and other platforms. Thrive is proud to recognize our own team—Cindy Ballew, Katie Arnold, and Sophia Rodriguez—whose compassion and dedication are at the heart of everything we do.

These three remarkable women humbly serve families every day. Now, we ask for the community’s help to support them in return. Consider showing your appreciation by donating a gas or grocery gift card ($25, $50, or $100). A single gift can help provide a family with gas for a day or groceries for up to two weeks.

At Thrive, we believe that when we build a healthy child, we build a healthy adult. And a community of healthy adults is a resilient, empowered, and thriving one.

To learn more about the Partnership Home Visiting Program or to contribute, please visit allthrive.org/programs.

Thank you to home visitors everywhere—and thank you, readers, for supporting our community.

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Montana PBS to host groundbreaking for building expansion on April 29

BOZEMAN – Montana State University will welcome the public to a groundbreaking celebration for the planned expansion of Montana PBS on Tuesday, April 29, at 3 p.m.

The groundbreaking will be held at the site of the building expansion, MSU’s Visual Communications Building at the corner of South 11th Avenue and Grant Street. The expansion will add more than 32,000 square feet to the building, which houses Montana PBS and MSU’s School of Film and Photography.

“Designed to be both an advanced technological production facility and an inspiring, collaborative hub for students, the expanded Visual Communications Building will empower Montana PBS to tell Montana’s story with more depth, clarity and creativity than ever before,” said Aaron Pruitt, Montana PBS director and general manager.

The renovation will include a shared lobby connecting MSU's School of Film and Photography and the offices of Montana Shakespeare in the Parks, KGLT Radio and Montana PBS, an area intended to encourage student collaboration across artistic disciplines. In addition, new, state-of-the-art technology and production spaces will increase Montana PBS’s current capabilities. The expansion will include a large TV studio, production control rooms, a green screen studio, video editing suites and other broadcast technology.

The building will be home to the new Joseph S. Sample classroom and studio, which will serve as a screening venue, lecture hall, event center and production studio. Its versatility and large capacity of 192 seats will allow it to host large enrollment MSU core classes (including SFP’s FILM 101), live audience televised productions and university events.

“Montana PBS has been a cornerstone of the MSU community and a fixture in Montana life for four decades. This expansion will make it possible for Montana PBS to do even more to serve the families and communities in Montana and provide valuable opportunities for Montana State students,” said MSU President Waded Cruzado.

Immediately following the groundbreaking ceremony, a live in-person appearance by Clifford the Big Red Dog will offer fans an opportunity for photos in the Montana PBS studio. Clifford the Big Red Dog is a well-known character from animated educational TV shows on the PBS Kids channel.

Kristina Martin, Montana PBS director of development, said fundraising for the Building Possibilities campaign began in early 2019.

“In the six years since, Montana PBS has raised nearly $32 million needed to move forward, though we anticipate we will need to raise additional funds before construction is complete," she said. Martin credited Cruzado for her strong support of this project, including her support of fundraising efforts.

Approximately $29.5 million will go toward construction, with the remaining $2 million allocated for new and upgraded technology to expand Montana PBS’s ability to produce award-winning content. Montana PBS’s creative team has received national recognition for programs like “11th & Grant with Eric Funk” and documentaries like “Ivan Doig: Landscapes of a Western Mind.”

This expansion will also support academic mentorship of MSU students. Montana PBS engages MSU students from every department, especially live TV production. For example, students make up the majority of the production crew for Bobcat Athletics broadcasts, commencement and convocation ceremonies, and other high-profile livestreamed events, experiences which develop professional skills in an academic setting that deliver on MSU’s reputation for hands-on learning.

Nikki Vradenburg, Montana PBS director of education, said the expansion will also further education and outreach efforts. “Montana PBS trains teachers, daycare providers and parents with media literacy and other educational resources to better serve their students, communities and families,” she said.

Montana PBS’s Building Possibilities campaign attracted gifts from scores of donors across the state. Key donors include Patt and Terry Payne of Missoula; the Kendeda Fund; Jim and Chris Scott; the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust; the Otto Bremer Trust; and the late Joseph S. Sample, one of the station’s founders.

“Who knew that a grassroots effort that started because I wanted my kids to be able to watch ‘Sesame Street’ would grow into this?” said Nancy Flikkema, co-founder of Montana PBS and another key donor. “I’m proud to have been a part of this organization for the past 40 years and to see how far it’s come.”

Montana PBS recently celebrated its 40th anniversary. Founded in 1984, KUSM-TV at MSU partnered with the University of Montana’s KUFM-TV in 1997 to become Montana PBS. The statewide network now broadcasts five channels with more than 275,000 Montanans viewing each week.

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Wednesday, Apr. 16th, 2025

FWP to perform maintenance, habitat enhancement at several sites in southwestern Montana

BOZEMAN – Recreationists may see several construction and habitat-enhancement projects happening in southwestern Montana this month. Temporary closures may be in effect for some sites during construction.

This month, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks staff plan to install a new boat ramp and perform streambank restoration at Cornell Park Fishing Access Site along the Beaverhead River near Dillon. This work will improve river access for visitors and reduce soul erosion along 350 feet of streambank. Due to heavy equipment operations, the site will be closed starting Monday, April 21. The site is expected to reopen May 1 after the project’s completion.

As part of the streambank restoration at Cornell Park, crews will be transplanting willows from Poindexter Slough Fishing Access Site nearby. The portion of Poindexter Slough Fishing Access Site north of Highway 222 and east of the railroad tracks will be closed while crews harvest willows. This closure will impact the east parking lot and lands directly north of the parking lot from April 21 through 25.

FWP fisheries staff this month will begin a fish habitat enhancement project in other areas of Poindexter Slough, a tributary to the Beaverhead River. The goal of the project is to add large woody debris in several areas to improve spawning habitat for trout. Site visitors may see this work happening from April 22 through May 2.

Road maintenance and excavation is also planned for Cabbage Gulch Road, which is one of the entrances to Mount Haggin Wildlife Management Area south of Anaconda. The road will be closed April 21 through 23. Mount Haggin WMA’s seasonal closure for wintering wildlife remains in effect. Portions of the WMA west of the Continental Divide are closed until noon on May 15, and areas east of the divide are open year-round.

Site reconstruction is underway at Ennis and Valley Garden fishing access sites along the Madison River. Both sites remain closed. These areas suffered damage from flooding this winter, including washed-out roads and significant sediment deposits. These sites will be reopened as soon as conditions allow.

For more information about temporary restrictions and closures at FWP sites, click here.

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Monday, Apr. 14th, 2025

Grizzly bear killed in encounter near Dupuyer

GREAT FALLS – Like many Montanans do this time of year, a man was shed hunting in north-central Montana near Dupuyer on Friday. The man was searching for antlers on a brushy hillside when he first saw a bear. As he was leaving the area, the bear charged him at close range. He shot and killed the bear. Fortunately, the man was uninjured.

The bear was an adult female grizzly in good condition with no history of conflict and was estimated to be 13 years old and weighing around 250 pounds.

Be bear aware

Montana is bear country. Grizzly bear populations continue to become denser and more widespread in Montana, increasing the likelihood that residents and recreationists will encounter them in more places each year.

Avoiding conflicts with bears is easier than dealing with conflicts. Here are some precautions to help residents, recreationists and people who work outdoors avoid negative bear encounters:

  • Carry bear spray and be prepared to use it immediately.
  • Travel in groups whenever possible and make casual noise, which can help alert bears to your presence.
  • Stay away from animal carcasses, which often attract bears.
  • Follow food storage orders from the applicable land management agency.
  • If you encounter a bear, never approach it. Leave the area when it is safe to do so.
  • Keep garbage, bird feeders, pet food and other attractants put away in a secure building. Keep garbage in a secure building until the day it is collected. Certified bear-resistant garbage containers are available in many areas.
  • Never feed wildlife. Bears that become food conditioned lose their natural foraging behavior and pose threats to human safety. It is illegal to feed bears in Montana.

Though they have reached recovery levels in the Northern Continental Divide and Greater Yellowstone Ecosystems, grizzly bears in the lower 48 states are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Management authority for grizzlies rests with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, working closely in Montana with FWP, the Forest Service, the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Geological Survey, Wildlife Services, and Native American tribes. This collaboration happens through the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee.

For more information and resources on bear safety, visit fwp.mt.gov/conservation/wildlife-management/bear.

 

Incident Note: The sow had a single yearling cub that was found on site, unharmed. No management action will be taken for the yearling.

Image Courtesy Pexels

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Thursday, Apr. 10th, 2025

MSU grant helping train Montana nurses responding to sexual assault

BOZEMAN – Montana State University and local partners are on track to meet their goal of training 40 sexual assault nurse examiners in the first year of a new grant program aimed at increasing support for victims of sexual assault in Montana.  

The three-year, $1.5 million grant was awarded in July 2024 to MSU’s Mark and Robyn Jones College of Nursing and the Montana Office of Rural Health and the Area Health Education Center by the federal Health Resources and Services Administration.  

The work aims to increase the state’s number of sexual assault nurse examiners, or SANEs, who provide comprehensive physical exams to victims of sexual assault, outline pregnancy prevention resources, and connect victims to advocates, survivor services and other follow-up care. They can also collect physical evidence to aid in crime reporting and investigations. 

Due to the sensitive nature of these patient interactions, it’s important that the nurses providing these services are well trained, said Sarah Wangerin, an instructor in the College of Nursing and training director for the grant.  

“To know what information and what tests to collect, to know what to say to this patient, to know the standard of care they should be receiving — those are the kinds of things that SANE nurses are in a unique position to provide,” Wangerin said. “Even if hospitals want to offer these services, they’re expensive, and they’re not reimbursed enough to cover the cost.”  

Over half of Montana’s counties lack trained SANEs, and many patients must travel over 250 miles for an exam, increasing the risk of lost evidence and delayed care. Access for pediatric care is even more limited, with only 13% of counties having a pediatric SANE, according to data collected by the College of Nursing. 

Given its rural nature and lack of accessible health care for many populations, Montana is a key state to roll out this program, said Sydney Hunsaker, program coordinator for the Montana Office of Rural Health and Area Health Education Center at MSU. 

According to federal data, Montana also has a state rape rate 10% higher than the national average, with Native American communities, women and people ages 10-19 experiencing disproportionate levels of sexual violence. 

To become a SANE, registered nurses must complete 41 hours of training, 16 hours of clinical skills and pass a multi-hour exam. Through this program, Wangerin estimated it costs about $3,000 to train each SANE, factoring in stipends, tuition coverage and travel reimbursement costs.  

So far, five trainings are scheduled for 2025, in locations from Billings to Lewistown to the Flathead Reservation. Two are specifically geared towards pediatric SANE curriculum.  

Many of the nurses registered for training are “Bobcat nurses,” or MSU graduates, underscoring the connection of the grant program to the College of Nursing, Hunsaker said. In addition to the 46 nurses already registered for training this year, there are an additional 80 in the enrollment process, she added.  

Hunsaker also shared data showing the importance of increasing the number of SANE-trained nurses. For example, in Kalispell, Logan Health reported in 2023 that its two SANE nurses were responsible for 88 forensic interviews, 50 pediatric consults, nine pediatric acute exams, 16 adult consults and 22 adult acute exams.  

Due to that load, Hunsaker said SANE nurses often experience burnout. Coupled with often being the only SANE in a rural area, feelings of isolation are also common. 
That’s why the College of Nursing is also building a statewide network where SANEs can connect with and support one another.  

This network will offer regular group debriefing sessions with a trained therapist, educational webinars, and twice-yearly skill refresher courses to ensure nurses stay connected and supported in their roles. 

Another key effort of the project is to establish a framework for sustainable training opportunities in the future, said Stacy Stellflug, the grant’s principal investigator and an MSU nursing professor.  

"We’re thinking about how we continue and sustain this program going forward,” Stellflug said. 

The goal is to establish a network of Montana SANE trainers and build a course that nurses could do online and on their own time, eliminating the obstacle of travel for training. That future course would be facilitated by the Montana Office of Rural Health and Area Health Education Center. 

Other key collaborators on the work have been the Montana Health Network, the Montana Department of Justice’s Sexual Assault Response Network Committee and existing SANE nurses in Montana.  

Learning from the existing nurses is key, with the goal of alleviating their burden of work by increasing access to SANEs throughout the state.  

“We want to be mindful of their expertise and what they bring to the table,” Stellflug said. “But we also recognize that our state is huge, and they can’t be everywhere at the same time.”  

Registered nurses who are interested in receiving SANE training can fill out this interest form or email sydney.pearce@montana.edu.  

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Could Your Dog Be a Silent Sufferer of Allergies? How to Detect Signs Early



Dogs can suffer from a wide range of allergies, just like humans.

Common triggers include certain foods, environmental factors like pollen or mold, and even flea saliva. Also, some dogs may react to materials they come into contact with, such as cleaning products or grooming supplies.

These allergies can lead to uncomfortable symptoms, ranging from skin irritation to respiratory issues. Without proper attention, minor reactions could escalate into more serious health concerns.

Recognizing the signs early is key to keeping your furry companion healthy and happy. So, let’s explore ways to detect signs of allergies before they start causing bigger problems.

Check for Changes in Your Dog's Skin and Coat

Subtle changes in your dog’s skin or coat often point to underlying allergies.

Dry patches, redness, flakiness, or even small bumps might signal irritation. These could be due to environmental factors like pollen or food-related allergens.

Hair loss around certain spots is another indicator to watch out for.

Feel your dog’s coat regularly during grooming sessions. Notice any areas that seem more sensitive than usual.

If you notice any changes, make sure you contact your veterinarian.

Watch Out for Excessive Scratching, Licking, or Chewing

Frequent scratching, licking, or chewing could mean your dog’s dealing with more than just an itch. Paws, belly areas, and ears are common hotspots where discomfort shows up first.

Dogs with allergies might scratch, lick, or chew constantly. Left unchecked, it could lead to open sores or infections.

So, keep a close eye on your dog for these signs. And observe whether certain times of day trigger the behavior.

If you notice these habits worsening over time, reach out to a vet. Early intervention helps avoid complications and provides relief faster.

Keep an Eye on Seasonal Behavior Shifts

Dogs can develop allergies triggered by changes in the environment. If symptoms like sneezing, watery eyes, or itchiness flare up during specific times of the year, seasonal allergens could be at play.

For instance, pollen levels are higher in spring and fall. Dogs sensitive to it might avoid outdoor time or appear restless after walks.

Track these patterns during different seasons. Share your observations with your vet for tailored advice.

Look at Ears, Eyes, and Paws Closely

Allergic reactions often show up in places you might overlook.

For instance, redness inside the ears or excessive wax buildup can signal irritation.

Similarly, watery eyes or slight swelling around them may indicate discomfort.

And check your dog’s paws for redness between the toes or cracked pads - they could be reacting to something they’re walking on.

Gently clean sensitive spots regularly and monitor changes. If problems persist despite care, consult your vet promptly for further evaluation.

Note Respiratory Symptoms like Sneezing or Wheezing

Respiratory issues can be subtle signs of allergies. If your dog sneezes more than usual, wheezes after mild activity, or has nasal discharge, their airways might be reacting to an irritant.

Dogs exposed to dust mites, mold spores, or pollen often show these symptoms.

Keep living areas clean and vacuum frequently if you suspect airborne triggers.

Persistent respiratory discomfort needs vet attention to rule out infections or chronic allergy conditions.

Monitor Eating Habits for Unusual Patterns

Your dog’s eating habits can offer valuable clues about allergies. Watch for a sudden lack of appetite, picky behavior, or frequent vomiting after meals. These changes could mean their current diet isn’t sitting well.

Pay attention to stools as well - loose or irregular bowel movements might indicate a food allergy.

Switching foods gradually and consulting your vet helps pinpoint problem ingredients.

Catching dietary issues early on spares your dog from ongoing distress and keeps mealtimes enjoyable.

Use a Dog Allergy Test Kit

Allergies can be tricky to diagnose, especially when symptoms overlap with various triggers like pollen, dust, or certain foods. A reliable way to uncover these hidden culprits is by using an at-home kit, such as a dog food allergies test.

Allergy tests help you determine whether things like environmental factors or dietary sensitivities are behind your dog’s discomfort.

With the results in hand, you can work with your vet to create an effective plan for managing and eliminating allergens from your dog’s life!

The Bottom Line

Early detection of allergies in dogs prevents unnecessary discomfort and long-term health issues.

By staying observant, using tools like testing kits, and consulting your vet, you can ensure your dog stays happy, healthy, and free from allergy-related stress and discomfort.

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Healthy Routines for Kids: From Morning Brushing to Bedtime Stories


Building a daily routine with your kid is very important for many different reasons. One of the most important ones is that it brings stability and consistency to their life. Other benefits are better sleep and overall well-being. So, let's look at how you can establish and maintain a healthy daily routine for your kids.

Morning Routine
It can be challenging, especially if you have more than one kid to stick to and maintain a morning routine. But if you stick to some straightforward rules, it can be much more manageable.

Wake-up Time
● Setting a consistent wake-up time – Waking up every day at the same time is essential when starting up a routine. This is important to maintain even on weekends (maybe not as early) to help your kids maintain the routine you've set up during the week.
● Gentle wake-up methods (natural light, calming alarms)

Personal Hygiene
● Brushing teeth and washing their face – Helping your kids learn how to maintain their personal hygiene properly is very important; knowing how to wash their hands properly and how long can help limit the spread of bacteria and viruses. Getting a pediatric dentist Friendswood, Sugar Land, or wherever you are to explain why brushing teeth is important and how to do it properly will ensure your kids' dental health is good and maintained.

● Bathing or showering (if morning preferred)

Dressing for the Day
● Involve your kids in picking clothes – Let them have some freedom regarding what they will be wearing for the day.
● Teaching weather-appropriate choices – It is important for your kids to know what kind of clothes they need to wear for what temperatures.

Nutritious Breakfast
● Importance of a healthy breakfast – Preparing your kids breakfast they like, yes we all know at least one picky eater, but that is also nutritious and full of everything their growing bodies need
● Easy, balanced breakfast ideas – Eggs, waffles or pancakes, cereal and milk, oatmeal, whole-grain toast, a bagel with cheese, or a fruit smoothie.

Preparing for the Day
● Packing school bags/lunches – Pack their school lunches and give them some choices for what snacks they want
● Reviewing the day's schedule (school, activities)

Midday Routine
This portion of your daily routine is if you have younger kids and for the weekends.

Snack Time
● Healthy snack options – there is nothing wrong with giving your kids the occasional junk food, but it's important they also learn to love snacks like peanut butter and celery or apple, yogurts (with fruits), and nuts if they have no allergies.
● Portion control – As with adults, anything too much is bad for kids, so ensuring they have the right portions is very important.

Play and Learning Time
● Balance of physical activity and mental stimulation:
○ Indoor and outdoor play – Playing games inside, going for walks in the park, or having a beach day is a perfect way to get some exercise in with the kids.
○ Reading or educational games – Having a time of the day when you read to your kids or when they read books can benefit them. Playing educational board games can also be an entertaining activity for the whole family.

Lunchtime
● Encourage your kids to be involved in meal prep.
● Make healthy, appealing meals – salads, sandwiches, pasta, and burritos are easy-to-make meals that you can prepare beforehand.

Nap/Quiet Time
● Setting a consistent nap schedule – Like everything else on this list, having a consistent nap time (for younger kids) or quiet time where everyone reads or it's their hour of screen time is important to make sure that your kids have some downtime during the day by creating a calm, quiet environment.


After School Routine
Now that we've covered weekends let's see what a good after-school daily routine is for your kids.

Unwinding Time
● Brief screen time or creative play – Let your kids decompress after school by doing an activity they like.
● Talking about their day – Ask how things at school are. Knowing what is happening when your kids are at school is essential.

Homework/Study Time
● Creating a focused homework space – Like with nap/quiet time, creating a calm, quiet environment for your kids to study and do their homework is crucial to their success. Helping them in subjects you know they struggle with is also very important.
● Setting time limits and breaks – Another vital aspect of this time in their schedule is making sure they take proper breaks. Even if it's just five minutes.

Chores and Responsibilities
● Age-appropriate chores – Giving your kids chores to do around the house will help them develop responsibility and independence.

Evening Routine
Now that we've taken care of the daily after-school routine, let's look at the best evening activities.

Dinner Time
● Eating together as a family (when possible) and teaching your kids table manners.

Family Time
● Games, conversation, or light activities – Letting them play age-appropriate video games or board games with the family is a great evening activity for the entire family.

Wind-Down Activities
● As your kids's bedtime approaches, limiting screens an hour before they go to sleep is vital to their ability to fall asleep. Reading books or listening to calm music can be a great activity to wind down with.

Evening Hygiene
● Creating a fun and relaxing bath time routine (whether it is a morning or evening bath/shower). This encourages kids to look forward to bath time as something fun, not an obligation.
● Reinforcing dental hygiene – Same as the morning brushes, making sure that your kids brush properly before bed is important to their oral health.

Bedtime Routine
Dinner is eaten, family time has happened, and the kids have been bathed, brushed their teeth, and gotten in their pajamas. What is next so that you have the perfect end to their daily schedule?

Story Time or Reading
● The benefits of bedtime stories – Reading bedtime stories (or making them up) is the perfect way to build a love of books for your kids and help them fall asleep at night.

Sleep Time
● Consistent bedtime – As with everything else, it is very important for your kids to have consistent bedtimes. If you have multiple kids whose ages are very different, you will need to make up a sleep schedule based on age groups.

Conclusion
Creating a healthy daily routine for your kids may take time and effort, but the rewards are worth it. From better sleep to stronger habits, routines give children the stability they need to grow and thrive. Start small, stay consistent, and build a routine that works for your family.

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Tuesday, Apr. 8th, 2025

Montana State professor to study sleep’s effects on children’s mental health

Montana State University student Katey Houser, left, prepares Milo Zhang, 9, for a sleep study while MSU associate professor of psychology Cara Palmer sets up equipment at the campus Sleep and Development Lab on Friday, March 28, 2025, in Bozeman, Montana. MSU photo by Colter Peterson

BOZEMAN
– A Montana State University psychologist is embarking on a study to determine whether common sleep habits of preadolescent children contribute to later psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse and depression.

Cara Palmer, associate professor in the Department of Psychology in the College of Letters and Science and director of MSU’s Sleep and Development Laboratory, was awarded $3.3 million by the National Institutes of Health to conduct the five-year study to determine whether certain sleep patterns contribute to emotional and social difficulties in children.

“My questions have been motivated by other research that has found children who have sleep problems, especially chronic sleep problems, are much more likely to go on to develop issues like depression and anxiety,” said Palmer.

She added that while studies of adults and older teenagers show a link between inadequate sleep, impaired emotional responses and difficulty with social relationships, little data exist about similar links in younger age groups.

“Our goal is to look at these types of relationships in younger kids, right when we start to see a lot of them develop sleep problems and right before we see increased risk for mental health around the transition to middle school and high school,” Palmer said.
Over a period of years, Palmer and a team of graduate and undergraduate students will evaluate youth between the ages of 8 and 12. One study will track the children’s sleep patterns and emotional and social experiences over a year. Participants in the second experiment will spend five nights at the sleep lab with a friend, while researchers assess how their sleep quality affects their short-term mental health and social interactions.

For both studies, the researchers will evaluate how sleep affects children’s social interactions and the way that they process and respond to rewarding situations. Early behaviors, such as responding to positive situations too much or too little, have been linked with the development of later psychiatric disorders. They also will assess the effects of a common sleep pattern adopted by children and adolescents: not sleeping enough during the week and then sleeping in on weekends. Determining whether the weekend “recovery sleep” is helpful or harmful may be useful for families whose children struggle with a mismatch between their school schedules and sleep, Palmer said.

“The primary purpose of the study is to try to figure out what exactly are the effects of these different sleep patterns, with the goal of potentially understanding more about recommendations we should be giving parents of kids that age,” Palmer said.
While Palmer noted there is some research on adolescent sleep, there is far less on children’s sleep.

“If you have a kid who isn’t getting enough sleep during the week, what do you do when they get that opportunity to sleep over the weekend? That’s one potential avenue where we could gain some insight.”

The researchers also will investigate the role of rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep to see if it plays as significant a role in children’s emotional experiences and it does for adults.

Palmer said the studies will involve children from the local community, and that interested families should contact her for more information. In addition to financial compensation, she said, families participating in the study will gain insight into their children’s sleep and mental health.

Palmer hopes the results of the study will provide insight into long-term development of mental health issues.

“People who start experiencing mental health issues in the teenage years are the ones who are more likely to continue to deal with mental health issues for the rest of their lives,” she said. “Being able to find ways that we can prevent that from developing in the first place not only will affect kids and teens, but also the mental health of the population as a whole.”

For more information about participating in the study, contact Palmer at cara.palmer@montana.edu.

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Monday, Apr. 7th, 2025

How to Create Event Flyers for Your Local Business

 
Creating event flyers for your local business doesn’t need to be complicated. With the right approach, you can design eye-catching flyers that draw attention and spark interest.
 
Follow these tips to make your next flyer truly stand out!

Design a Flyer That Reflects Your Brand
A flyer is the first impression of an upcoming event, so it should reflect your brand clearly.
 
Start by using consistent colors, fonts, and imagery that match your business identity. This helps build recognition and trust with your audience.
 
For instance, if you run a cozy bakery hosting a tasting event, soft pastels or warm earthy tones might suit the flyer better than bold neons.
 
Use logos prominently but avoid overloading the design.
 
Keep balance by combining branded elements with clean spacing.
 
When people glance at your flyer, they should immediately recognize who’s behind it before even reading the details.

Choose the Right Colors and Fonts for Impact
Following on from the last section, the colors and fonts you choose can either attract or overwhelm. So, stick to two or three colors that align with your event's theme and business branding. Contrasting colors, like dark text on a light background, will improve readability.
 
Select fonts carefully - decorative ones may look stylish but they often reduce legibility.
 
Pair one bold font for headings with a simple, clean font for body text to maintain balance.
 
For example, if you're promoting a music night at a trendy café, vibrant hues paired with sleek modern fonts will set the tone perfectly.

Keep Information Simple and Clear
Overloading a flyer with details makes it hard to read. Focus on essential information: the event name, date, time, location, and any entry requirements or costs. Highlight these key points using bold text or larger fonts so they’re instantly visible.
 
Avoid long sentences or unnecessary descriptions. Instead of “Join us for an unforgettable evening filled with music,” write “Live Music Night – Friday at 7 pm.” Use bullet points for additional details like contact info or social media handles.
 
Clear messaging ensures readers don’t miss what matters most.
 
A clutter-free layout is easier to scan and leaves a stronger impression on those who might only glance at your flyer.

Include a Call-to-Action That Stands Out
A clear call-to-action (CTA) tells readers exactly what to do next. Phrases like “Reserve Your Spot,” “Call to Book,” or “Visit Us” should grab attention and create urgency.
 
Use bold colors or larger fonts for the CTA, ensuring it stands apart from other text.
 
Position the CTA strategically, such as near event details or at the bottom center of your flyer where eyes naturally fall.
 
If your event requires tickets, include links to buy them online or provide contact information.
 
For digital flyers, clickable CTAs boost engagement even further. Make it easy for people to respond quickly by removing barriers - whether that’s calling, clicking, or stopping by in person.

Optimize Flyers for Both Print and Digital Platforms
Ensure your flyer looks great in any format.
 
Design with both print and digital platforms in mind by using proper sizing, clear fonts, and high-quality images.
 
For digital versions, export designs into a shareable PDF format to preserve quality and layout across devices.
 
If you draft initial text or outlines in Word, convert them into PDF to maintain formatting consistency when sharing digitally. Use a free Word to PDF tool as a quick solution for this step without extra cost or hassle.
 
Also, consider file size when creating digital flyers. Large files can be difficult to share or download. Compress your PDF without sacrificing quality for faster sharing.
 
For print, use CMYK color settings and high-resolution images to ensure vibrant and professional results that catch attention.

Use High-Quality Images or Graphics to Grab Attention
Invest in high-quality images or graphics that connect with your event’s theme and feel authentic to your business.
 
Avoid blurry photos, overused stock images, or visuals unrelated to the event.
 
For example, a local yoga studio promoting an outdoor session could use serene photos of nature instead of generic yoga poses.
 
Use imagery sparingly - one impactful image is better than crowding your flyer with several smaller ones.
 
Make sure all visuals are clear and properly scaled for both print and digital formats to ensure sharp results.

The Takeaway
Effective flyers can showcase your event and boost attendance. By focusing on design, clarity, and strategy, you’ll create professional materials that grab attention and leave a lasting impression.

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